What is Truly Going on with Custom College Papers for Sale

What is Truly Going on with Custom College Papers for Sale The War Against Custom College Papers for Sale College years are always filled with different events, and lots of students start searching for employment possibilities. It's important for all of us to supply the best services from all over the world for virtually any student in need, and it's important to realize that student needs change from person to person. For example, you need more time for family members and friends but you get a big research paper your professor needs submitted. College students often seek their buddies, parents or seniors for aid. Introducing Custom College Papers for Sale Double-checking the very first paragraph together with the entire paper is critical so the identification of the thesis statement's sentence will be clear. While editing your paper ensure your paragraphs represent a cohesive text that's logical and simple to follow along with. Writing an academic paper is not a simple und ertaking, however skilled and experienced you're. Take pleasure in the bin-dicator is one easy to boost the company administration paper writing assessments. Naturally, large assignments for sale are costlier than smaller ones. User-friendly websites have everything a student is searching for, and making an order there's a one-minute endeavor. No matter the case might be, you shouldn't have to pay high fees for poor superior papers. Written papers for sale can be delivered to our customers in lots of hours, but it is going to cost a little bit more. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Custom College Papers for Sale Nevertheless, should you need something to be corrected in your paper we have an extremely beneficial revision policy to earn any editing work. Another tricky portion of Introduction is choosing the acceptable attention grabber. The very first part contains the subject of your academic paper with a couple of briefly mentioned points. The Secret to Custom College Pa pers for Sale To pass a course you've got to compose a term paper exploring the subject of your pick. There'll be more and not as significant arguments so you need to determine the order of presenting them. You can request aid with thesis statement also. Furthermore, the students have to continue to keep their focus narrow since the possible danger of interpreting facts not linked to the topic is big. Whatever type of paper writing you require, click the purchase button to request for a customized term paper for sale. Therefore, the only solution is to search for the best papers for sale, and it's our on-line site, where you can receive the essential help. When you opt to obtain a term paper online, we permit you to select when you need to get your purchase. When you order custom research paper online with a certain topic, it'll be as excellent. All About Custom College Papers for Sale The college paper for sale that you chance to purchase is going to be a masterpiece of logic and thought and it's a significant illustration of what is possible once you get assistance from an exceptional master. There are lots of websites where you can purchase research papers online, but we beat all of them. If you would like to obtain college papers cheap, consider companies that are a newcomer to the marketplace. Whether you are searching for where to find research papers online at incredible low rates or you need to get assistance with research papers for a great grade, you can rely on our academic papers for sale services. There are various reasons to think about seeking the aid of custom paper services. Therefore, if you're thinking of using our customized research paper writing services, here are a few of the means by which you stand to benefit. For some of them you will require help, while others it's possible to write by yourself. When you want custom papers written from scratch, you wish to turn to professionals who know their enterprise. Finding the Best Custom College Papers for Sale Usually, the outcomes of Custom assignments make a substantial contribution to the last grade. Work is performed under various Subjects each headed by means of a Referee. Customized College Papers For Sale The rising number of essay writing services is wholly overwhelming. As a consequence, such students start looking for the best essay help to be certain that their project is going to be produced at the maximal level in accord with all academic standards. Even though the world wide web bristles with cheap ready college papers to purchase, it isn't the ideal option. Academic papers can't contain any signals of plagiarism. The Custom College Papers for Sale Game As soon as you order a customized research paper from our academic paper writing services, you get points based on the pages and volume of the purchase. Fill in the purchase form with the particulars of your paper to find an immediate quote, if you're OK with the quoted amoun t, submit your purchase. Our cheap custom made papers are a feasible option for everyone who's troubled by their duties. Otherwise, there's always the possibility to turn to custom papers writing service. As soon as you've been requested to compose a research paper you know what things to wait around for. You may never fail if you apply the very best research paper writers on the internet! Time and again, many students are diasappointed by dishonest on-line paper writers and research paper companies which claim to supply authentic papers. It is crucial to stay calm when searching for research papers. At any time you purchase a paper for school, we'll secure the correct expert to compose a winning paper for you fast. However many essays you've completed before, when you purchase college paper services from us, you're going to be astounded at the quality you get. 1 thing you've got to understand is that eliable research paper writing service will just charge a neutral amount. It will be difficult that you carry out well in the event you are requested to compose a paper in class.

How to Choose Extended Essay Topic

How to Choose Extended Essay TopicIt is not so difficult to choose an extended essay topic; the key is in choosing the right kind of essay. While the essay is being written, the idea must be kept in mind that the topic should be able to carry a lot of information in a short span of time.In order to achieve this, the essay must be very brief and therefore not too large for people to understand. Most of the essay topics are able to carry a lot of information, but the flow must be very smooth and very short. The longer the essay gets, the harder it is to understand, which might make it a little hard to accept.It is always important to write for a general audience. It is also good to be able to have an audience in mind before the start of the writing. One can easily come up with an idea that will be suitable for a wide audience and in turn makes it easier to accept.When choosing an essay topic, there are different ways of coming up with a subject. There are different courses of action on e can take when writing the essays. As long as the content remains the same, it is possible to find the right kind of topic.Different people have different preferences when it comes to topics. It is also best to remember that people who are willing to accept longer and more complex topics might not like the shorter and simpler ones. It is best to determine the kind of person you want to target, as this will help you in the process of determining your essay topic.Another way of choosing an essay topic is to ensure that the essay is easy to read. One must make sure that the writer uses basic vocabulary and grammar. The essay should have all the features of a sentence that makes it simple to understand and follow.There are a lot of advantages of using proper grammar and proper vocabulary. It is important to make sure that the content is clear and easy to read. The audience should be able to decipher the language that the writer is using.How to choose an extended essay topic is one of t he things that people are thinking about today. It is important to know that there are various options available. One has to make sure that he or she knows how to pick a topic, which will be easy to understand and follow.

Essay Writing Competition Nj: No Longer a Mystery

Essay Writing Competition Nj: No Longer a Mystery New Questions About Essay Writing Competition Nj Our main aim is to make students' lives better across the world. My future aim is to turn into an eye surgeon and travel all over the world to take care of folks of all ages in countries that are blind or visually impaired in order that they can make a living, see a loved one, or read a book. The competition is going to be conducted in two divisions. On account of the expert marketing provided by Inkitt, this competition has been in a position to launch careers. There are two sorts of men and women in our world. Come have a look at the website and find a house for why you went into health care in the very first location. When you ask a person to edit your work, it's far better supply them with the competition guidelines in order that they know just what to be on the watch for. My advice, if you're likely to enlist assistance from the dark arts just do a bit more research before getting into something. What to Expect From Essay Writing Competition Nj? And in case you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask us in the comments. Your contact details will have to be included on another page. Email attachments won't be accepted! For more information clickHERE. Perhaps you just hit the Publish button for the very first moment. The very first page should also have the entry's title. Your winning entry is going to be featured on the website and shared on all our social networking accounts. Mailed entries which are more than 1 page in length has to be stapled. There's no maximum word limit. In the majority of cases there's also a modest cash prize. Published pieces are even more impressive to possible clients than pieces that haven't been published. Students are entitled to a wide selection of monetary prizes. The primary difference is they're winning. Because of this, it's in your very best interest to enter contests that provide constructive feedback. In addition, hundreds of instant winners will get grilling prizes. Your stanzas rhyming or not could be well worth a fair quantity of money in these types of competitions. The rules for internet voting are simple. Participants must adhere to all instructions to be qualified to win the contest. Rules All contestants have to be eligible to join the contest. Don't forget to write something interesting and informative our judges will be in a position to pick out among the very best. You'll also agree to respect the last decision of the judges. Many contests ask that you submit your entry by email, and this is the point where a great deal of contestants don't earn a great impression. Writers is going to have the chance to interact with students. Plagiarism won't be tolerated in any manner. Recognition from a number of the greatest academic writers in the united states! The submitted essay has to be original which means it ought to be free from plagiarized content. Writing a report counts too! The 2018 deadline hasn't been announced. If you've already participated in a contest in this way then you understand how to write a scholarship essay and what things to do with them. Needless to say, your writing ought to be captivating from the very first word to the last, but particularly in the event of a writing contest, it needs to be one of your top priorities to make certain that the judges give your piece the consideration it deserves. The author acknowledges that it's a simultaneous submission. You might have heard similar advice many times before, but nonetheless, it really does hold true of attempting to generate a memorable bit of writing. The very first sentence sets the tone for the whole piece. Of course it was not straightforward. If there's a specific area you're worried about, including your punctuation or structure, make them know s o that they can better advise you. One of the most vital measures in the full process was of course, the scriptwriting. Find out more about the procedure for applying here. Late submissions won't be accepted. You're able to read many years of filings here. Read our customers' reviews and feedbacks. Some contests accept submissions in a number of categories, so you might submit a novella and a poem or other work. All entries have to be submitted by publishers who would like to have the work of their authors which were published in the calendar year 2015 considered. After a while these entries gotten so numerous and laborious they don't stand out.

The Basics of APA Writing Essay Sample Guides

The Basics of APA Writing Essay Sample GuidesAPA writing essays can be hard, but if you're going to write an essay, you have to make sure that your essay is going to be as accurate as possible. You will need to use APA writing samples if you don't know where to start when you're going to write an essay for the APA exam. It can take some time to get it right, but if you are persistent, you will find it will go easier.Writing an essay for the APA exam may seem like it should be easier, but it isn't. First of all, you're going to need to decide how you're going to write your essay. Some people prefer to write a couple of paragraphs before they start to explain what they are going to do, and others may prefer to read over their entire essay several times before they begin to write it. Regardless of which you choose, there are plenty of resources available that will help you get started on writing an essay.Also, try to keep in mind that you will be writing an essay and it will be complete ly different than writing an academic paper. You'll have to use your creativity and originality to tell a good story, and also be able to explain things in an organized manner. The good news is that there are plenty of writing guides and tools available that can help you out, such as APA writing sample writing guides, which can help you to find an outline that works well for you and guide you through the process of writing an essay.If you're trying to figure out what to do first when you're writing your essay, there are a number of sample APA essays available that you can use. Each of these sample essays can be used to show you how to build a good essay. You should try to use them as much as possible, especially if you're trying to figure out how to write an essay.Another way to help yourself when you try to write an essay is to stick with things that have worked for other writers. For example, if you're not too familiar with the APA style, you might want to look up some sample essa ys from the APA website. These can be very helpful when you're trying to figure out how to write an essay.Finally, when you're writing an essay, you are going to have to use some language that can be taken lightly. However, when you're writing an essay, you can't take anything lightly, and this includes the words that you use. By using APA writing samples and other tools, you can help yourself become a better writer for hire.Finally, writing a paper like this can help you gain a new perspective on the world, and give you the opportunity to express your own unique perspective on the world. You can even get your student government involved and write about things like free-will and determinism. This will also help to prepare you for a career in business.Writing an essay for the APA exam can be a lot of fun, but you will also have to practice and write a lot if you want to be successful. You should use a number of resources to help you be a better writer and in the long run, become a be tter writer for hire. The right tools and guides can help you become a better writer.

What is Macro Environment Essay Example

What is Macro Environment? Paper The macro-environment consists of larger societal forces that affect entire micro-environment. The six forces making up the companys macro- environment include demographic, economic, natural, technological, political/ legal, and social-cultural forces. Companies must constantly watch and adapt to the marketing environment in order to seek opportunities and ward off threats. The marketing environment comprises all the actors and forces influencing the companys ability to transact business effectively with its target market (Armstrong and Kettle 2003, p. 149). In this report, use PEST to analyze macro-environment forces how to impact on PepsiCo in China. As we know, the PepsiCo was the first U. S. Company to distribute its products in China after China implement reform and opening up policy in 1979. Through many years business operation in China, the company fully understands their development worldwide must adapt Chinas macro-environmental various forces and must put into practice their localization strategy Think local, Act local. In this report, by serious study and literature review, with refer to relevant books, journals, search information from internet. According to Kettle and Keller (2005), in the demographic environment, arresters must be aware of worldwide population growth, changing mixes of age, ethnic composition, educational levels and the move to micromanaging and away from mass marketing. In the economic arena, marketers need to focus on income distribution and levels of savings, debt, and credit availability. In the social-cultural arena, marketers must understand peoples views of themselves, organizations, society, nature and the universe. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Macro Environment? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is Macro Environment? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is Macro Environment? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They must market products that correspond to societys core and secondary values, and address the needs of different subcultures within a society. In the tartar environment, marketers need to be aware of raw materials shortages, increased energy costs and pollution levels, and the changing role of governments in environmental protection. In the technological arena, marketers should take account of the accelerating pace of technological change for innovation, varying RD budgets, and the increased governmental regulation brought about by technological change. Finally, in the political-legal environment, marketers must work within the many laws regulating business practices and with various special-interest groups. In this report, use PEST to analyze macro-environment forces how to impact n PepsiCo in China will be presented. Through many years business operation in China, the company understands their development worldwide must adapt Chinese macro-environmental various forces and must put into practice their localization strategy Think local, Act local. COMPANY PROFILE PepsiCo was founded in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito- Lay. Tropical was acquired in 1998 and PepsiCo merged with The Quaker Oats Company, including Storage, in 2001. PepsiCo is a world leader in convenient foods and beverages, with 2006 revenues of more than $35 billion ND 1 68,000 employees. PepsiCo presence in China dates back to the earlier days of the nations reforms. In 1981, Pepsi-Cola became one of the first American investors in China by signing an agreement with the Chinese government to build a bottling plant in Sheehan. To date, PepsiCo has established more than 40 joint or wholly owned ventures in China with a total investment over IIS$I billion, directly employing 10,000 staff (Official website of PepsiCo). MACRO-ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ON MARKETING ACTIVITIES OF PEPSICO In analyzing the macro-environment, it is important to identify the factors that eight in turn affect a number of vital variables that are likely to influence the organizations supply and demand levels and its costs. A PEST analysis is one of them that is merely a framework that categorizes environmental influences as political/legal, economic, social/cultural and technological forces. Such external factors usually are beyond the firms control and sometimes present themselves as threats. Use PEST tool to analysis macro-environment influence on PepsiCo in China is necessary. ;The political-legal environment Before you play the game, learn the rules. Some businesspeople exhibit a memorable lack of knowledge about markets nags political-legal environment. Ignorance of or noncompliance with laws, ordinances, and regulations can lead to fines, embarrassing negative publicity, and possibly expensive civil damage suits. As a foreign company, PepsiCo intend to invest in Chinas beverage industry which is tightly controlled and subject to government approval. According to Chinese governments regulation, a new bottling plant cue reentry requires about three-year wait for government approval, and concentrate production volume must be re-authorized annually. In addition, PepsiCo has a global strategy of TV advertising, PepsiCo has included everything from Chinese zodiac animals to Spring Festival couplets in its television commercials. This approach, combined with relatively long advertising history in the country has made Pepsi Cola the most recognized soft-drink brand in China. However, governments policy and regulation can also impact on the companys market strategy. Being a communist country, in China, although people now are very much free of expression in ordinary life, there is still no free media. The media is still very controlled by the overspent and there is always the risk of having more regulations especially to foreigners. The economic environment The health of the economy influences how much consumers spend and what they buy. Consumer buying plays an important role in the economys health- indeed, consumer outlays make up some two-thirds of overall economic activity. According to Boone and Kurt (n. D. ), economic environment consists of those factors that influence consumer buying power and marketing strategies. They include the stage of business cycle, inflation, unemployment, resource availability, and income. As we know, Chinas economy grew at an average rate of 10% per year during the period 1990-2006, the highest growth rate in the world. However, Chinese inflation ran at 5. % for the second consecutive month in August in 2006, according to official figures. PepsiCo has already met great challenge because inflation is a general rise in price resulting in decreased purchasing power. Inflation will increase the companys costs like expense to purchase materials for production, and may lead to declining sales. Marketers of PepsiCo understood clearly that inflation will cause consumers to react in two ways: 1). Decrease their brand loyalty. In a recent research, most Chinese consumers are willing to use cheaper brand, and honesty, because it works just as well. ). Stickup. Many consumers take advantage of coupons and sales to stock up (Hair et al. 1992, p. 52). In addition, income is another important factor in marketings economic environment because it influences consumer buying power. The price of the product has to be affordable however there should be a premium that consumers are willing to pay for the health benefit as well as for the modern and higher status image it will offer. The risk here is to fail in selling the alee of the product and to set the premium to be higher than consumers are willing to pay. The social-cultural environment Component of the marketing environment consisting of the relationship between the marketer, society, and its culture. Doing business in China successfully requires an understanding of China as a nation and of the culture of the Chinese people. A societys culture determines how it members communicate and interact with each other (Griffin Pastas 2003, p. 85). A nations culture can impact on foreign countrys products and service. In China, many people are very interested in soft drinks. A result of this has been growing rates of obesity both Chinese adults and children. Due to Chinese culture, it is necessary that what they drink offers some benefits to their health. Nowadays, more and more Chinese people have already pay attention to obesity problem. If soft drinks can not consider healthy, although increasing their market share, this is the risk the PepsiCo have to face. In addition, an understanding of the cultural practices in both the business and social environments is essential for being successful when doing business with Chinese companies (Patchworks LLC. 003). Initially when PepsiCo entered into Chinese market, the company has already lost some business opportunities in China because they expected the Chinese people do it my way. The Chinese culture is long established and does not adapt quickly. For example, doing any business in China will require negotiation of contracts, prices, and terms, etc. The negotiation process in China, compared to Western standards, will be very slow and deliberate. One difficulty in negotiation with Chinese companies is knowing what means no. Culturally, saying no directly is seen as rude and unacceptable. Many times when the company hears we will consider it, it really means no. ;The technological environment The technological environment represents the application to marketing of knowledge based on discoveries in science, inventions, and innovations. Major developments in technology can have enormous marketing implications because they can drastically alter industries. Despite the technological promise of this new product, the development stage of such innovations is lengthy and complex. Company must often gamble on technology to attain success, and many companies have gambled and lost. PepsiCo had spent millions of dollars working on growing salad vegetables market to fast food chain in China. Technically the venture was sound-the infrastructure was set and the product was of high quality. The company had even arranged a machine to process and packages the fresh vegetables to give them a shelf life of two weeks, therefore opening up the Chinese market. However, the quality of the companys marketing did not match that of the technological planning stages. The fast food chain chosen not to buy the stock and the company had nowhere to off-land its vast quantity of ripe vegetables- it had lost its markets. MACRO-ENVIRONMENT FORCES ON PEPSICO MARKETING ACTIVITIES As mentioned above, in business arena, one of the difficulties facing marketing managers is that environmental forces are generally beyond their control. Marketing organizations must try to adapt changing environmental conditions. Not only can environmental opportunity become threat; environmental threat can also become opportunity (1989, p. 55). Marketers must overcome various macro-environmental clash and barriers between Chinese macro-environment and international business. Laws and regulations affect all aspect Of marketing operation and decision aging-designing, labeling, distributing, advertising, and promoting goods and services. The management of PepsiCo realized that major regulation has already impact on their marketing activities. To cope with the vast, complex, and changing nature of the political-legal environment, many larger companies maintain in-house legal department like PepsiCo. In addition, as a foreign company, marketers must comply with Chinas laws and regulations, however, noncompliance can scar a companys reputation and hurt profits. Marketers should take steps to control forces in political-legal environment. PepsiCo has invested heavily into adapting its operations and business strategies to the local culture and practice. It currently has 24 bottling joint- ventures indirectly through two Hong Kong-based companies that it partly owns and maintains a strong market presence through partnerships with the Chinese government and domestic companies. PepsiCo has established its Asia-Pacific headquarters in Shanghai running its operations for many countries. Companies must scan, monitor, forecast, and assess the health of economies outside their host nation because nations are interconnected as a result of he global economy. Inflation rate is currently reaching to 5% in China, inflation pressures consumers to make more economical purchases. PepsiCo should realize that despite what happens to the sells cost, the buyer is not going to pay more for a product than the value he or she places on it. When the economy is characterized by high inflation, a series of special pricing tactics are often necessary. Marketing managers should develop an effective cost-forecasting system and use anticipatory pricing. According to Hair et al. (1992), these tactics can be subdivided into cost-oriented and demand-oriented. Cost-orientated tactics consist of delayed-quotation pricing and escalator pricing. Delay-quotation pricing is a very popular pricing tactic that price is not set on the product until item is either finished or delivered. Demand- orientated pricing methods include price shady and increasing demand through increasing selected demand, unique offering, and system selling. As we know, the Chinese people are still to well-off life and their income are not very high. The pricing strategy is a very important part of the marketing mix, because it can affect both supply and demand for a company such as PepsiCo. Therefore the companys pricing strategy must adapt economic environment. One of the most important price factors of PepsiCo is customers affordability. If the price is too high, Consumers will spend their money on other goods. As a multinational company, it always must appeal to Chinese consumers, especially in the era of globalization. The company have had adapt to the local economic environment in order to success. Most Chinese can afford an occasional soft drink a can of Coke cost RMI . 90($0. 24) in Shanghai today. Due to rationality of Cokes price, their products currently reach about 60% of Chinas population. The social-cultural environment is made up of institutions and other forces that affect a societys basic value, perceptions, preferences, and behaviors. Product decisions are also affected by cultural variables. As mentioned onwards, increasingly Chinese people have already focused on obesity problem. If soft drinks can not consider healthy, this is the risk the PepsiCo have to face. So, PepsiCo decided to carry out a feasible solution that reduce calorie intake from soft drinks. At the same time, PepsiCo decision-making for product and service should also consider local customers purchase habits. It will also reflect a nations culture. For instant, the Chinese like hot, incorporated soft drinks with nature ingredients or herbs that they believe are good to human health, in particular, they like hot teas. Tea is so popular in China that people call it Tea Culture. PepsiCo realized Chinese peoples drinking habits, then they introduced Lipton Tea quickly, a line of incorporated drinks through cooperate with local partner. PepsiCo long-term strategies of localizing production promote their market share. In order to avoid lost opportune ties and bring about misunderstandings, consciousness have to realize anothers cultural background. Understanding manners and customs is especially important in negotiations. If the company expected the Chinese people do it my way, they will lose more chances. China has a unique culture that dates back to thousands of year, combined with the factor of about 60 years ruling of communist one-party totalitarianism. Foreign business people and companies should try to adapt quickly. Consequently, you need learn do it their way. Technological trends are critically important in identifying marketing opportunities. These trends include new directions in research and velveteen (R) that might lead to new products or even to new industries (Easel 1990, p. 72). For the experience of failure in new product development the company remains undaunted, they plan to return to the fast food market with salad vegetables. This time, the company promises it will not forget the importance of inventory. PepsiCo fully understand that in the low-margin soft-drink business, one of the key com appetite advantages lies on the efficiencies in every aspect of business process, from procurement of raw and semi-finished material to inventory management, from production landing to material requirements planning, from distribution to service, etc. As the leader in this industry, PepsiCo knows how critical role information technology plays in its success. In fact, it has a long history of employing advanced information technology to support its direct-store-delivery business model and management. In China, PepsiCo China use Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implemented by FIAT. Moreover, PepsiCo ultimate weapon in maintaining its market leadership is Research and Development. Since product formulations are kept as trade secrets most of the patents are related to technology that supports beverage industry. PepsiCo will use its patents to increase its market share in each and every market it serves R D delivers true value to coke consumers worldwide. The key areas of technologies where most of the patents filed are Packaging, Vending Equipment, Fountain Equipment, Water Treatment and alternative refrigeration technologies. In China technologies related to water treatment and vending equipment will come handy in gaining market share. The company will also be forced to develop new technologies for Chinas country specific use. Several new technologies will be used in designing and packing ewe products. Research and Development will also try to add local herbal products to add more energy to the drink and give a local flavor to the product. Research and Development will use a small-scale bottling system to test bottling runs of new product. It will make sure that the new drink can be produced and bottled in a massive scale. PepsiCo will also take its testing of new product on road and test it in various regions of China to make sure that it will be acceptable in all regions of China. CONCLUSION Most films face external environment that are highly turbulent, complex, and lobar-conditions that make interpreting them increasingly difficult (Ireland and Hit 1999, p. 43). In todays complex and rapidly changing environment, marketing managers need use PEST analysis to make effective and timely decisions. Understanding one nations macro-environment diversity that could positively impact your business relationship is the key to success in this country. The PepsiCo is a good example in this report. The PepsiCo entirely understands Chinas various external environments, consumers behaviors and practices that localization is their long-term market strategy. As Porter (1985) stated the importance of analysis the macro-environment: every industry has an underlying structure or set of fundamental economic and technical characteristics.